Seychelles
Seychelles The archipelago of Seychelles, situated in the Indian Ocean, consists of a little bit more than a hundred unique islands and stretches for many kilometres along the south-eastern coast of Africa. Its location promoted that the African, the European, the Chinese and the Indian cultures interlaced curiously and tightly in its territory. The holidays spent in Seychelles have purely “beach” orientation without different extra “bonuses”. It is a great pleasure and a fantastic rest in a real coconut paradise. Fans of yachting, sea fishing, and diving and exclusive simple beach relaxation assemble here. The holidays on the islands are quite expensive and only prosperous tourists can afford Seychelles tours. The most part of the Seychelles territory is a national park protected by the government. One can meet here rare animals and plants, unique for this area.
All the sights here are natural; there are no artificial ones as such. But there is a primordial tropical nature, the purest water, marble stones of different colours and the unique underwater world. There is no hotel star classification, and Slavrica tour operator assesses the rating of the hotels itself, giving them conventional “stars”. Most of the hotels are low-rise buildings or bungalows, situated on the first line of the seashore. The bungalows on the real inhabited islands are highly appreciated by newly married couples. Millions of tourists come to Seychelles from different continents to admire the beauty and enjoy the unique tropical climate. There is no harassing continental heat here, so Seychelles tours are in good constant demand till October. The magnificent holidays may be diversified: you can set off for a real piratical voyage in search of treasures, visit coconut farms, stroll about the jungle. The fans of fishing have a unique opportunity not only to catch an enormous fish but to register their record with the help of the equipment set on special boats sailing nearby. Seychelles tours are not cheap. But they are more than compensated by the great impressions of the beautiful nature and positive emotions from meeting cordial natives, so the hospitable islands stick in one's memory for a long time.
Can you have a rest?
Can you have a rest? Most of you definitely will say: «Of course!», someone would think about the question, but some of us will frankly confess to themselves that they absolutely can't do it. Unfortunately, this is the problem of all the people over the world because the common rhythm of our life is so fast that there is no possibility even to think about the full value rest.
And what is needed for such a rest? First of all, psychologies always recommend to change the environment. When we are inside all the same four walls, it's difficult to enjoy quiet and silence. And exactly the tourism could be one of such ways of total changing of your environment and at the same time it could be the most interesting travel.
Certainly, you can object that the tourism isn't the cheapest way for the rest. But it is worth of that. You didn't work so hard all the year in vain, getting up to your neck in work, to give yourself some weeks of quiet rest. So why do you need to cut down your expenses on yourself and on the health of nervous system?
Foreign vocation is not only wonderful opportunity to have a good rest to forget at least for the short time about the problems. This is a unique possibility to plunge into definitely other world, to admire the architecture, scenery, to get to know the traditions and ceremonies, to taste the dishes of national cuisine, to learn foreign language, and so on and so forth, all that you could only imagine.
Everyone understands personally, what tourism is. For some people that is an opportunity to pack a suitcase and to leave for unusual fabulously exotic country to rest, for someone – to bag a knapsack and to go to the forest, small river and nature. Many a man expect from travel opportunities to relax, to luxuriate in the sunshine, to swim in the sea, and for someone it is necessary to visit as much as possible excursions and museums, to learn history and country or city sights. But in any case, that’s always very good and unusually to bag yourself, to take necessary things and to forget about an ordinary life for some time. Tourism – is an unusual and very interesting phenomenon when we can recollect beautiful countries, unusual traditions and the ceremonies of different people, because essential problems at work, house, study are forgotten during the travel. The tourist and the traveller easy-going gait and smile on the face with the desire to spend pleasant time that is what distinguishes them from other people. Knowingly, a tourist trip is the best type of the rest for the majority of people, in fact it is cool to gather with friends, family, lover and to buy train, plane or bus tickets, to have a rest or good time all together. Annually, millions of people ask travel agencies to find for them a suitable tour and organize a trip. Thus everyone has his own requirements and wishes. But, as practice shows, the main factors which influence on the choices are the price and the comfort in the hotel. There are lots of offers for tourists, from « hot tours » to travels with improved comfort. The advantage of hot permits is that tourists have a possibility to rest under the prices which will be below market ones. But other offers give some more advantages, for example, to choose independently the date of a trip, the quantity of tour days, hotel, rooms and other. No matter what tour you choose – the vacation in Kemer, or the tours in Bodrum, you can always buy an excursion permit to visit other cities in Turkey. The trips to all major country sights are organized even in the smallest towns and villages. But we must not forget that there are always situated lots of exciting things in the large cities. Consequently, many operators suggest to take for the beginning a sightseeing city tour and then, after having looked about, to get country round.
Certainly, you can object that the tourism isn't the cheapest way for the rest. But it is worth of that. You didn't work so hard all the year in vain, getting up to your neck in work, to give yourself some weeks of quiet rest. So why do you need to cut down your expenses on yourself and on the health of nervous system?
Foreign vocation is not only wonderful opportunity to have a good rest to forget at least for the short time about the problems. This is a unique possibility to plunge into definitely other world, to admire the architecture, scenery, to get to know the traditions and ceremonies, to taste the dishes of national cuisine, to learn foreign language, and so on and so forth, all that you could only imagine.
Everyone understands personally, what tourism is. For some people that is an opportunity to pack a suitcase and to leave for unusual fabulously exotic country to rest, for someone – to bag a knapsack and to go to the forest, small river and nature. Many a man expect from travel opportunities to relax, to luxuriate in the sunshine, to swim in the sea, and for someone it is necessary to visit as much as possible excursions and museums, to learn history and country or city sights. But in any case, that’s always very good and unusually to bag yourself, to take necessary things and to forget about an ordinary life for some time. Tourism – is an unusual and very interesting phenomenon when we can recollect beautiful countries, unusual traditions and the ceremonies of different people, because essential problems at work, house, study are forgotten during the travel. The tourist and the traveller easy-going gait and smile on the face with the desire to spend pleasant time that is what distinguishes them from other people. Knowingly, a tourist trip is the best type of the rest for the majority of people, in fact it is cool to gather with friends, family, lover and to buy train, plane or bus tickets, to have a rest or good time all together. Annually, millions of people ask travel agencies to find for them a suitable tour and organize a trip. Thus everyone has his own requirements and wishes. But, as practice shows, the main factors which influence on the choices are the price and the comfort in the hotel. There are lots of offers for tourists, from « hot tours » to travels with improved comfort. The advantage of hot permits is that tourists have a possibility to rest under the prices which will be below market ones. But other offers give some more advantages, for example, to choose independently the date of a trip, the quantity of tour days, hotel, rooms and other. No matter what tour you choose – the vacation in Kemer, or the tours in Bodrum, you can always buy an excursion permit to visit other cities in Turkey. The trips to all major country sights are organized even in the smallest towns and villages. But we must not forget that there are always situated lots of exciting things in the large cities. Consequently, many operators suggest to take for the beginning a sightseeing city tour and then, after having looked about, to get country round.
THE COURTS
The courts enforce statutes and interpret them. They also invalidate unconstitutional statutes, and make law in areas not covered by statutes. Here are some examples of the four main roles played by our courts:
Enforcement The Copyright Act gives a copyright owner the exclusive right to reproduce the owner's work. A copyright infringement suit is an example of court enforcement of a statute. (Copyright infringement is discussed in "Infringement," in the Copyright Law Summary )
Interpretation .According to the Copyright Act, the copyright in a work created by an employee within the scope of his or her employment is owned by the employer. The Copyright Act does not define the term "employee." The Supreme Court case that defines the term is an example of court interpretation of a statute. (That case is discussed in the "The Work Made for Hire Rule" in the Ownership of Copyrights Summary )
Invalidation . The courts invalidate unconstitutional laws. Unconstitutional laws are laws that conflict with provisions of the Constitution. The Constitution is the supreme law of the United States. Many "constitutionality" cases involve claims that a law violates the Constitution's Bill of Rights (the first ten amendments). In Roe v. Wade , the Supreme Court invalidated a state statute restricting women's access to abortion. According to the Court, the statute violated a pregnant woman's constitutional right of privacy.
Making Law . The courts create the law for "common law" subject areas. Common law covers areas not covered by statutes. In many states, for example, individuals' rights of privacy and publicity are protected under common law rather than under statutory laws.
Types of Courts
There are several types of courts. The federal and state court systems consist of two levels of courts: Trial courts and appellate courts. Cases are tried in trial courts. Appellate courts review the decisions of the trial courts. (Appellate and trial courts are discussed in "Civil Lawsuits," later in this summary.)
The federal court system is divided into 13 judicial circuits. Eleven of the circuits are numbered. Each of the numbered circuits contains more than one state. The Ninth Circuit, for example, covers California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona, Alaska, and Hawaii. The 12th and 13th circuits are the District of Columbia Circuit and the Federal Circuit. The Federal Circuit handles appeals in patent cases and Claims Court cases.
Each federal circuit has one appellate court. These courts are known as Courts of Appeals or Circuit Courts. The Supreme Court reviews the decisions of the Courts of Appeals.
Each federal circuit is divided into judicial districts. A district can be as small as one city or as large as an entire state. The trial courts are known as the United States District Courts.
Jurisdiction
The federal courts have jurisdiction over cases involving federal statutes (the Copyright Act, for example) and other "federal questions." They also have jurisdiction over cases in which the party filing the suit and the party being sued reside in different states. This type of federal jurisdiction is known as "diversity" jurisdiction.
Civil and Criminal Cases
A criminal case is brought by the federal government or a state to prosecute a defendant (the party sued) for violations of the government's criminal laws. Murder and burglary are examples of violations of criminal laws. If the defendant in a criminal case is found guilty by the jury, he or she is sentenced by the court to serve a jail sentence or pay a fine as punishment for the crime.
A civil case is a case brought by one party (the "plaintiff") against another party (the "defendant") to resolve a legal dispute involving rights based on statutory law or common law. A copyright infringement case is an example of a civil case involving statutory law. A suit seeking damages for a writer's breach of a contract (in which the writer promised to create a script for a movie but failed to do so) is an example of a civil case involving common law rights. (Breach of contract is discussed in "What Is a Contract?," the Contracts Law Summary )
While certain violations of the Copyright Act and the Lanham Act (the federal trademark statute) are criminal violations, multimedia developers and publishers will be concerned primarily with civil cases.
Enforcement The Copyright Act gives a copyright owner the exclusive right to reproduce the owner's work. A copyright infringement suit is an example of court enforcement of a statute. (Copyright infringement is discussed in "Infringement," in the Copyright Law Summary )
Interpretation .According to the Copyright Act, the copyright in a work created by an employee within the scope of his or her employment is owned by the employer. The Copyright Act does not define the term "employee." The Supreme Court case that defines the term is an example of court interpretation of a statute. (That case is discussed in the "The Work Made for Hire Rule" in the Ownership of Copyrights Summary )
Invalidation . The courts invalidate unconstitutional laws. Unconstitutional laws are laws that conflict with provisions of the Constitution. The Constitution is the supreme law of the United States. Many "constitutionality" cases involve claims that a law violates the Constitution's Bill of Rights (the first ten amendments). In Roe v. Wade , the Supreme Court invalidated a state statute restricting women's access to abortion. According to the Court, the statute violated a pregnant woman's constitutional right of privacy.
Making Law . The courts create the law for "common law" subject areas. Common law covers areas not covered by statutes. In many states, for example, individuals' rights of privacy and publicity are protected under common law rather than under statutory laws.
There are several types of courts. The federal and state court systems consist of two levels of courts: Trial courts and appellate courts. Cases are tried in trial courts. Appellate courts review the decisions of the trial courts. (Appellate and trial courts are discussed in "Civil Lawsuits," later in this summary.)
The federal court system is divided into 13 judicial circuits. Eleven of the circuits are numbered. Each of the numbered circuits contains more than one state. The Ninth Circuit, for example, covers California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona, Alaska, and Hawaii. The 12th and 13th circuits are the District of Columbia Circuit and the Federal Circuit. The Federal Circuit handles appeals in patent cases and Claims Court cases.
Each federal circuit has one appellate court. These courts are known as Courts of Appeals or Circuit Courts. The Supreme Court reviews the decisions of the Courts of Appeals.
Each federal circuit is divided into judicial districts. A district can be as small as one city or as large as an entire state. The trial courts are known as the United States District Courts.
Jurisdiction
The federal courts have jurisdiction over cases involving federal statutes (the Copyright Act, for example) and other "federal questions." They also have jurisdiction over cases in which the party filing the suit and the party being sued reside in different states. This type of federal jurisdiction is known as "diversity" jurisdiction.
A criminal case is brought by the federal government or a state to prosecute a defendant (the party sued) for violations of the government's criminal laws. Murder and burglary are examples of violations of criminal laws. If the defendant in a criminal case is found guilty by the jury, he or she is sentenced by the court to serve a jail sentence or pay a fine as punishment for the crime.
A civil case is a case brought by one party (the "plaintiff") against another party (the "defendant") to resolve a legal dispute involving rights based on statutory law or common law. A copyright infringement case is an example of a civil case involving statutory law. A suit seeking damages for a writer's breach of a contract (in which the writer promised to create a script for a movie but failed to do so) is an example of a civil case involving common law rights. (Breach of contract is discussed in "What Is a Contract?," the Contracts Law Summary )
While certain violations of the Copyright Act and the Lanham Act (the federal trademark statute) are criminal violations, multimedia developers and publishers will be concerned primarily with civil cases.
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